Vasculitis cutánea paraneoplásica asociada a linfomadifuso de célulasB grandes / Paraneoplastic cutaneous vasculitis associated with diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Resumen Los fenómenos cutáneosparaneoplásicos son heterogéneos, infrecuentes y adquiridos, caracterizados por la presencia subyacente de una neoplasia. La manifestacióncutánea más frecuentemente descripta de la vasculitis paraneoplásica es la púrpura palpable. También puede manifestarse como urticaria, eritema y úlceras de miembros inferiores. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 38 años con diagnóstico de linfoma difuso de células B grandes y úlceras atípicas de aparición concomitantepor vasculitis leucocitoclástica como fenómeno paraneoplásico. Estas lesiones suelentener un curso paralelo a la neoplasia por lo que al realizar tratamiento de la misma pueden remitir, no así cuando se realiza únicamente tratamiento para las lesiones cutáneas. Remarcamos la importancia de conservar un lecho vital y en estado de granulaciónque acompañeal tratamiento general, para así favorecer una rápida epitelización y prevención de infecciones intercurrentes.

Abstract Paraneoplastic cutaneous phenomena are heterogeneous, infrequent and acquired, characterized by the underlying presence of a neoplasm. The most frequently described cutaneous manifestation of paraneoplastic vasculitis is palpable purpura. It can also manifest as urticaria, erythema and ulcers of the lower limbs. We present the case of a 38-year-old patient with a diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and atypical ulcers of intercurrent onset due to leukocytoclastic vasculitis as a paraneoplastic phenomenon. These lesions usually have a parallel course to the neoplasm, so when the neoplasm is treated they may remit, but not when only the cutaneous lesions are treated. We emphasize the importance of preserving a vital tissue in a state of granulation that accompanies the general treatment, in order to favor a rapid epithelialization and prevention of intercurrent infections.

Antipsychotics as a probable cause of Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis: A Systematic Review

Abstract: Leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV) is a skin condition that is a result of unregulated immune activation. The exact causes have to date not been established. The studied causes tend to have a higher probability of causing LCV. This raises concerns about a deep-seated causal relationship and the tendency of an individual for the development of LCV. Antipsychotics are a class of drug mainly used for psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, or even depressive disorder with psychotic features. These drugs target the dopamine receptors in the central nervous system to exert their effects. They are classified as typical or the older antipsychotics and atypical or the newer antipsychotics. Prevalent in the current literature are the reported cases of LCV with antipsychotic medications. We carried out a systematic review following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis) protocol to find out previously reported cases on LCV due to antipsychotic medication administration from inception till current date. Our study aims to check and in turn, discuss the causal relationship of antipsychotics with LCV.

Vasculitis leucocitoclásticas como manifestación extraintestinal dermatológica rara de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal asociada con Clostridium: reporte de un caso / Leukocytoclastic vasculitis as a rare extraintestinal dermatologic manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease associated with Clostridium difficile: Case report

Resumen Las vasculitis leucocitoclásticas se definen como el daño e inflamación de las paredes vasculares, son aquellas vasculitis de pequeños vasos que anatomopatológicamente presentan leucocitoclasia y puede observarse como una manifestación extraintestinal de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. En la colitis ulcerativa se presentan en menor frecuencia, por inmunocomplejos generados en la mucosa intestinal debido a la exposición del tejido linfoide submucoso a antígenos fecales; podrían precipitarse en las paredes de los pequeños vasos. Se pueden asociar con Clostridium difficile, que es un bacilo grampositivo esporulado, anaerobio estricto, que se encuentra normalmente en el medio ambiente y produce colitis, que se manifiesta como un cuadro diarreico presentado después de la ingesta de antibióticos y altera la flora bacteriana común de este órgano. El caso se trata de un paciente 36 años de edad con cuadro de diarreas líquidas con moco y escaso sangrado; se realizó un estudio endoscópico y anatomopatológico en el que se observó colitis ulcerativa con coproparasitario positivo para antígeno de C. difficile, y en su hospitalización presentó lesiones dérmicas petequiales y necróticas en el cuarto dedo de la mano izquierda, que en la biopsia dio como resultado vasculitis de pequeños vasos. En este artículo se revisan de forma práctica los aspectos relacionados con la fisiopatología, histología, tratamiento y diagnósticos de la manifestación extraintestinal dermatológica rara, como la vasculitis leucocitoclástica en pacientes con colitis ulcerativas asociadas con Clostridium.

Abstract Leukocytoclastic vasculitis is defined as the damage and inflammation of the vascular walls. The term refers to vasculitis of the small vessels that anatomopathologically present leukocytoclasia and it can be seen as an extra-intestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease. In ulcerative colitis, it occurs less frequently due to immune complexes produced in the intestinal mucosa by exposure of the submucosal lymphoid tissue to fecal antigens, which could precipitate in the walls of the small vessels. This condition can be associated with Clostridium difficile, which is a gram-positive, sporulated, strict anaerobic bacillus, normally found in the environment. It causes colitis that manifests as a diarrheal disease following the ingestion of antibiotics that alter the common bacterial flora of this organ. This is the case report of a 36-year-old patient with liquid diarrhea with mucus and scarce bleeding. Endoscopic and anatomopathological studies were performed, finding ulcerative colitis with positive coproparasite for Clostridium difficile antigen. The patient was hospitalized, and during his stay, he presented with petechiae and necrotic skin lesions on the fourth finger of the left hand. Skin biopsy showed small vessel vasculitis. This article is a practical review of the pathophysiology, histology, treatment, and diagnosis of a rare dermatologic extraintestinal manifestation, namely, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, in patients with C. difficile-associated ulcerative colitis.

Adulto con púrpura de probable causa no infecciosa

RESUMEN Las vasculitis leucocitoclásticas son grupos de procesos clinicopatológicos con heterogeneidad etiopatogénica y que requieren diagnóstico diferencial. En este reporte se presenta un caso de vasculitis leucocitoclástica de etiología no infecciosa sin germen aislado. Se revisan las posibles causas de este cuadro fundamentalmente cutáneo, así como su diagnóstico y tratamiento.

ABSTRACT Leukocytoclastic vasculitis is a group of clinicopathological processes with etiopathogenic heterogeneity that require differential diagnosis. This report presents a case of leukocytoclastic vasculitis of non-infectious etiology without an isolated germ. The possible causes of this fundamentally skin condition are reviewed, as well as its diagnosis and treatment.

Tercer caso de vasculitis leucocitoclástica cutánea secundaria al uso de oxacilina: reporte de caso / Third case in the literature of cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis secondary to oxacilin use

Resumen La vasculitis leucocitoclastica es una patologìa que compromete los vasos pequeños y cuya causa predominantemente se ha descrito como idiopatica. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 78 años hipertensa, diabética y con enfermedad renal crónica en estadio 5, que presentó lesiones limitadas a la piel posterior a la administración de oxacilina para manejo de bacteremia por SAMS. La presentación clínica se basó en purpuras palpables predominantemente en miembros inferiores y lesiones dolorosas coalescentes que formaban ampollas de contenido hemorrágico. Estas lesiones resolvieron gradualmente después del cambio de la terapia mencionada anteriormente. La biopsia fue compatible con vasculitis leucocitoclástica, con paraclínicos que descartaron causas infecciosas y autoinmunes.

Abstract Leukocytoclastic vasculitis is a pathology that involves small vessels and whose cause has been predominantly described as idiopathic. The clinical case of a 78-year-old woman with hypertension, diabetic and chronic stage 5 kidney disease, who presented limited skin lesions after administration of oxacillin for management of bacteremia by MSSA. The clinical presentation consisted on palpable purpura predominantly in the lower limbs and painful coalescent lesions that formed blisters of hemorrhagic content. Lesions gradually resolved after the change of the therapy mentioned above. The biopsy was compatible with leukocytocastic vasculitis, with paraclinics who ruled out infectious and autoimmune causes.

Infección por citomegalovirus en púrpura de Henoch-Schönlein del anciano como complicación y factor perpetuador de la enfermedad. Reporte de caso / Cytomegalovirus infection and Henoch-Schönlein purpura in the elderly as a complication and factor that perpetuates the disease. Case report

RESUMEN La púrpura de Henoch-Schönlein en el adulto es un reto diagnóstico. Su baja incidencia y su sintomatología poco específica configuran un cuadro clínico que puede pasar desapercibido en diversas ocasiones o solaparse bajo el peso de diferentes sospechas diagnósticas. La púrpura de Henoch-Schönlein no es un cuadro de espectro único. Se considera un grupo de enfermedades de manifestación heterogénea con un eje patogénico común dado por el hallazgo de inflamación de la pared en vasos de pequeño calibre mediada por complejos inmunes. Este es el caso de un paciente de 70 arios quien cursa con un cuadro compatible con púrpura de Henoch-Schönlein, de inicio tardío, caracterizada por su difícil manejo y constantes recaídas. a pesar del uso cuidadoso de las pautas terapéuticas establecidas por los consensos actuales. En este paciente se documentó, de forma concomitante, una infección por citomegalovirus que al recibir tratamiento permitió el control adecuado de síntomas. Adicionalmente, este paciente presentaba una linfocitopenia que parecía ser secundaria a la infección viral.

ABSTRACT Henoch-Schönlein purpura in the adult is a diagnostic challenge. Its low incidence and its unspecific symptomatology in this age group, establish a clinical chart that can be ignored on several occasions. Henoch-Schönlein purpura is considered a group of diseases of heterogeneous manifestation with a common pathogenic axis: the finding of inflammation of the wall of the small calibre vessels, mediated by immune complexes. The case is presented of a 70-year-old patient with a difficult to treat Henoch-Schönlein purpura, with constant relapses despite the use of the therapeutic guidelines established in the current guidelines. In this patient, a concomitant cytomegalovirus infection was documented that, after receiving treatment, allowed adequate control of symptoms. Additionally, this patient also had a lymphocytopenia that was secondary to cytomegalovirus.

Varied presentations of cutaneous vasculitis: a case series

Vasculitis involves a wide spectrum of clinicopathological process with reactive damage to the involved blood vessels. There is loss of vessel integrity instigating haemorrhage & luminal compromise leading to ischemia and necrosis of the tissue supplied by the involved vessels. It may affect varied size and type of blood vessels at different locations. It may be primary or secondary to systemic disease. It may involve a single organ like skin or may involve different organ systems at the same time. This case series include six cases of cutaneous vasculitis affecting different organs with varied presentations. Skin biopsies of six patients with unusual presentations were studied. Their complete history, physical examinations, laboratory investigations including serology were analysed and correlated with histopathological findings. The patients presented with different duration of symptoms varying from as short as 15 days to 1 year. Skin lesions were present in all cases while cardiac manifestation was seen in one. Serology and autoimmune disease markers were negative in all cases except one. However, histopathological features were in concordance with the clinical diagnosis of vasculitis. They were further classified as vasculitis secondary to Churg Strauss syndrome, venous stasis, Henoch Schonlein purpura or leucocytoclastic vasculitis.Vasculitis though a rare disease may manifest as an acute or chronic condition. It needs timely diagnosis by histopathological examination to aid in further management. It is important to assess the clinical severity in primary and secondary vasculitis, as it determines morbidity and mortality.

Vasculitis crioglobulinémica con compromiso renal y síndrome de Sjögren / Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis with renal involment and Sjögren's syndrome

La vasculitis crioglobulinémica es una vasculitis de vasos pequeños que se da en presencia de crioglobulinas séricas. Las crioglobulinemias mixtas son las más frecuentes y se asocian a infecciones crónicas, típicamente al virus de la hepatitis C, así como a enfermedades linfoproliferativas y autoinmunes, más a menudo al síndrome de Sjögren. Las manifestaciones clínicas incluyen púrpura de los miembros inferiores, neuropatía periférica, artralgias y glomerulonefritis. La presencia de vasculitis crioglobulinémica en el contexto de un síndrome de Sjögren es marcadora de peor pronóstico. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con vasculitis crioglobulinémica con compromiso cutáneo y renal, que condujo al diagnóstico de un síndrome de Sjögren primario. (AU)

Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis is a small-sized vasculitis that occurs in the context of serum cryoglobulins. Mixed cryoglobulinemias are the most frequent and are associated with chronic infections, typically hepatitis C and autoimmune diseases, most commonly Sjögren's syndrome. Clinical manifestations include purpura of lower limbs, peripheral neuropathy, arthralgias and glomerulonephritis. The presence of cryoglobulinemic vasculitis in the context of Sjögren's syndrome is a marker of poor prognosis. We present the case of a patient with cryoglobulinemic vasculitis associated to cutaneous and renal involvement that led us to the diagnosis of primary Sjögren's syndrome. (AU)

Vasculitis leucocitoclástica (vasculitis por hipersensibilidad) / Leukocytoclastic vasculitis (hypersensitivity vasculitis)

Resumen La vasculitis leucocitoclástica es un trastorno autoinmunitario que afecta pequeños vasos y provoca inflamación, destrucción y necrosis de los mismos; con frecuencia es subdiagnosticada. La causa es multifactorial, la fisiopatología es compleja y los inmunomoduladores son los medicamentos más importantes en su tratamiento. Este artículo tiene por objetivo revisar el estado actual del conocimiento en vasculitis leucocitocástica con insistencia en el diagnóstico y tratamiento. Se revisaron artículos publicados en el periodo comprendido entre 1990 y 2017. Los navegadores fueron Google Crome y Firefox y el motor de búsqueda fue Scholar google. Las bases de datos consultadas fueron: MEDLINE, RIMA Astra-Zeneca y las guías de práctica clínica del sistema de salud mexicano (CENETEC). Se revisaron 108 publicaciones relevantes para el tema, priorizando las pertenecientes a revistas indizadas en MEDLINE y Science Citation Index-JCR. Se requieren estudios para integrar subgrupos clínicos y de tratamiento e investigar los mecanismos de daño tisular en cada subgrupo. La inmunomodulación juega un papel central en el tratamiento.

Abstract Leukocytoclastic vasculitis is an autoimmune disorder that affects small vessels, and causes inflammation, destruction and necrosis of the same. It is often underdiagnosed. The etiology is multifactorial, the pathophysiology is complex and immunomodulators are the most important medications in their treatment. This article aims to review the current state of knowledge in leukocytoclastic vasculitis with emphasis on diagnosis and treatment. Articles published in the period from 1990 to 2017 were reviewed. The browsers were Google Crome and Firefox and the search engine was Scholar google. The database consulted was: MEDLINE, RIMA Astra-Zeneca and the clinical practice guidelines of the Mexican health system (CENETEC); 108 relevant publications to the subject were reviewed, prioritizing those belonging to journals indexed in MEDLINE and Science Citation Index-JCR. Studies are required to integrate clinical and treatment subgroups and investigate the mechanisms of tissue damage in each subgroup. Immunomodulation plays a central role in the treatment.

Vasculitis reumatoidea. Estudio de un caso / Rheumatoid vasculitis. Study of a case

Se presenta un caso, portadora de artritis reumatoide de varios años de evolución, que tras abandonar el tratamiento presentó una exacerbación de la actividad de la enfermedad, acompañada de un síndrome general y lesiones dérmicas y neurológicas producidas por una vasculitis leucocitoclastica, fue necesario actualizar el tratamiento con metotrexate y bolos de metilprednisolona obteniendo una respuesta favorable demostrada al desaparecer la actividad de la enfermedad y cicatrización de las lesiones ulcerosas.

present a case, with rheumatoid arthritis of several years of evolution, that after leaving the treatment presented an exacerbation of the activity of the disease, accompanied by a general syndrome and dermal and neurological lesions caused by a leukocytoclastic vasculitis, it was necessary to update the treatment with methotrexate and boluses of methylprednisolone obtaining a favorable response demonstrated when the activity of the disease disappeared and cicatrization of the ulcerous lesions.

Edema agudo hemorrágico de la infancia: Lesiones alarmantes de un cuadro benigno. Reporte de caso / Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy: alarming lesions of a benign condition. Case report

Se reporta un caso de edema agudo hemorrágico de la infancia, en un lactante de 18 meses, después de un episodio de otitis media. El cuadro comenzó con máculas eritematosas en los muslos, seguidas de lesiones purpúricas en los brazos, las piernas y edema en los tobillos. Se interpretó, inicialmente, como urticaria, por lo que recibió esteroides. Sin embargo, las características clínicas fueron de edema agudo hemorrágico de la infancia, una vasculitis leucocitoclástica benigna que se presenta en niños de entre 4 y 24 meses y que se caracteriza por fiebre, máculas y lesiones purpúricas. Estas se ubican, principalmente, en la cara, los lóbulos de las orejas y las extremidades, y se asocian, muchas veces, a edema. Los diagnósticos diferenciales son eritema multiforme, urticaria, vasculitis inducida por droga, enfermedad de Kawasaki, eccema infectado, meningococcemia y maltrato infantil, algunas de ellas, con riesgo de mortalidad. El manejo es conservador, sin embargo, los esteroides podrían ser una opción terapéutica.

We report a case of acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy in an 18-month-old boy after an episode of otitis media. The clinical presentation begins with skin erythematous macules on the thighs, followed by purpuric lesions in arms, legs, and ankle edema. It was initially interpreted as urticaria, whereby steroids were indicated. However, the clinical feature was acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy, a benign leukocytoclastic vasculitis that occurs in children between 4 and 24 months of age and is characterized by fever, large purpuric palpable target-like skin lesions affecting the face, lobes of the ears, limbs and frequently associated with edema. Differential diagnosis includes erythema multiforme, hemorrhagic urticaria, drug-induced vasculitis, Kawasaki disease, infected eczema, sepsis (either meningococcal or non-meningococcal) and child abuse. Some of them have risk of mortality. Management is conservative, however, steroids may be a therapeutic option.

Manifestaciones extrahepáticas de la infección por el virus de la Hepatitis B / Extrahepatic Manifestations of Hepatitis B

La hepatitis crónica, la cirrosis hepática y el carcinoma hepatocelular son las manifestaciones clásicas de la infección crónica por hepatitis B, pero hasta el 20% de los pacientes se presentan con manifestaciones extrahepáticas de la infección. Las principales afecciones extrahepáticas son la poliarteritis nodosa y la enfermedad glomerular; sin embargo, los pacientes pueden consultar con manifestaciones cutáneas, reumatológicas, hematológicas y neurológicas. En este artículo presentamos el caso de una mujer con hepatitis B crónica, quien debutó con una exacerbación/flare acompañada de vasculitis leucocitoclástica y artritis. Los clínicos debemos estar atentos a la presentación extrahepática de la hepatitis B, ya que esta puede asociarse con complicaciones severas y además requerir tratamiento antiviral independiente de la indicación de tratamiento por su enfermedad hepática.

Chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are the classic manifestations of chronic hepatitis B infections, but up to 20% of patients present extrahepatic manifestations of the infection. The most common extrahepatic presentations are polyarteritis nodosa and glomerular disease, but patients can also develop cutaneous, rheumatological, hematological and neurological manifestations. In this article we present the case of a woman with chronic hepatitis B whose initial manifestation was a flare-up accompanied by leukocytoclastic vasculitis and arthritis. Clinicians should be aware of extrahepatic presentations of hepatitis B because they can be associated with severe complications and may also require separate antiviral treatment independent of that indicated for liver disease

Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis Associated with Ulcerative Colitis / 대한피부과학회지

No abstract available.

Posterior Spinal Artery Aneurysm Presenting with Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis

Rupture of isolated posterior spinal artery (PSA) aneurysms is a rare cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) that presents unique diagnostic challenges owing to a nuanced clinical presentation. Here, we report on the diagnosis and management of the first known case of an isolated PSA aneurysm in the context of leukocytoclastic vasculitis. A 53-year-old male presented to an outside institution with acute bilateral lower extremity paralysis 9 days after admission for recurrent cellulitis. Early magnetic resonance imaging was read as negative and repeat imaging 15 days after presentation revealed SAH and a compressive spinal subdural hematoma. Angiography identified a PSA aneurysm at T9, as well as other areas suspicious for inflammatory or post-hemorrhagic reactive changes. The patient underwent a multilevel laminectomy for clot evacuation and aneurysm resection to prevent future hemorrhage and to establish a diagnosis. The postoperative course was complicated by medical issues and led to the diagnosis of leukocytoclastic vasculitis that may have predisposed the patient to aneurysm development. Literature review reveals greater mortality for cervical lesions than thoracolumbar lesions and that the presence of meningitic symptoms portents better functional outcome than symptoms of cord compression. The outcome obtained in this case is consistent with outcomes reported in the literature.

Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis Associated with Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection: A Report of Two Cases / 대한피부과학회지

No abstract available.

Úlcera en pierna en un paciente con artritis reumatoidea y colitis ulcerosa: ¿Vasculitis reumatoidea o pioderma gangrenoso ulceroso?: Rheumatoid vasculitis or ulcerous pyoderma gangrenosum? / Leg ulcer in a patient with ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis

Presentamos el caso de un hombre joven con antecedentes de artritis reumatoidea que presenta una lesión ulcerosa en miembros inferiores con estudio histopatológico vinculable a vasculitis leucocitoclástica, vasculitis reumatoidea o pioderma gangrenoso ulceroso.

We report the case of a young man with a history of ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis presented ulcerative lesions in the lower limbs with histopathological study linkable leukocytoclastic vasculitis, rheumatoid vasculitis or ulcerative pyoderma gangrenosum.

Urticarial Vasculitis Associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae / 대한피부과학회지

No abstract available.

Acute haemorrhagic oedema of infancy with bullae and koebnerisation

A 5-month-old Malay boy presented with purpuric papules and plaques on the face and extremities accompanied by fever, coryzal symptoms and bilateral lower limb oedema. There were also bullous linear purpuric lesions on the right upper limb. Blood and culture tests were normal. Histopathological tests showed leucocytoclastic vasculitis, confirming the diagnosis of acute haemorrhagic oedema of infancy. The patient achieved complete recovery after 2 weeks with no recurrence.

Glomerulopathy in a patient with sarcocystis infestation.

To date, sarcocystis has been considered an asymptomatic infection in humans. Even though cases with glomerulonephritis have been reported in animals with sarcocystis, there have been no reports of a similar occurrence in humans. We report a case of acute proliferative glomerulonephritis and leukocytoclastic vasculitis in a patient with sarcocystis infestation.

Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis in the presence of methimazole therapy / Vasculite leucocitoclástica cutânea na vigência de terapêutica com metimazol

Treatment with antithyroid drugs may be accompanied by side effects. We present a patient diagnosed with Grave's Disease who developed extensive vasculitis in the lower limbs during methimazole use. After suspension of the methimazole and the introduction of prednisone in immunesupressor doses the cutaneous lesions started to involute.

A terapêutica com drogas antitireoidianas pode ser acompanhada de efeitos colaterais. Apresentamos um caso de paciente com diagnóstico de Doença de Graves que na vigência da terapêutica com metimazol desenvolveu um quadro extenso de vasculite de membros inferiores. A partir da suspensão do metimazol e da introdução de prednisona em doses imunossupressoras as lesões cutâneas entraram em involução.